Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Rebar shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Rebar offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Rebar at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Rebar? Wrong! If the Rebar is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Rebar then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Rebar? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Rebar and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Rebar wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Rebar then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Rebar site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Rebar, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Rebar, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
to lend it strength.
Rebar, a portmanteau for
reinforcing bar or
reinforcement bar, is common steel bar, an important component of reinforced concrete and reinforced
masonry structures. It is usually formed from
carbon steel, and is given ridges for better frictional adhesion to the concrete. It can also be described as
reinforcement or
reinforcing steel. In Australia it is
colloquialism known as
reo.
Use in concrete and masonry
Concrete is a
material that is very strong in
Physical compression, but virtually without strength in
tension (mechanics). To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile
loads.
Masonry structures and the mortar (masonry) holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with strategically placed voids to accommodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
While any material with sufficient tensile strength could conceivably be used to reinforce concrete, steel and concrete have similar
coefficient of thermal expansion: a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal
stress (physics) as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.
Physical characteristics
Steel has an expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this weren't so, it would be useless for reinforcing concrete. GFRP Bar Transverse Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Effects on Concrete Cover Although rebar has ridges that bind it mechanics to the concrete with friction, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high
stress (physics), an occurrence that often precedes a larger-scale
collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members, or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.
Common rebar is made of unfinished steel, making it susceptible to
rusting. As rust takes up greater volume than the iron or steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking,
spalling, and ultimately, structural failure. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges built in areas where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications.
Epoxy-coated rebar or
stainless steel rebar may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project. Fiber-reinforced polymer rebar is now also being used in high-corrosion environments.Image:trebar.jpg|A tied rebar beam cage.Image:Rebar and shingles.jpg|Rebars in detail (top) atop angle iron (bottom).Image:RebarCloseup.jpg|Rebar placement for foundation and walls of a sewage pump station.Image:Common_rebar.jpg|Two coils of common rebar.Image:Tie-wire.jpg|Simple tie with wire joining rebar.Image:Metal-chairs.jpg|Metal plastic tipped bar chairs suporting rebar to give correct cover on a suspended slab with reinforced concrete masonry walls.Image:Plastic-bar-support.jpg| Plastic strip bar chairs supporting heavy rebar on suspended slab.Image:Top-bar-supports.jpg|Bottom layer of rebar in place on a suspended slab. The N12 saddle bars at an angle to the main bars are to support the top layer of rebar not yet in place.
Welding
Most grades of steel used in rebar are suitable for
welding, which can be used to bind several pieces of rebar together. However, welding can reduce the
fatigue (material) life of the rebar, and as a result rebar cages are normally tied together with wire.
Safety
To prevent workers and / or pedestrians from accidentally impaling themselves, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced plastic "plate" caps. "Mushroom" caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement.
Rebar sizes and grades
US Imperial sizes
Imperial bar designations represent the bar diameter in fractions of ⅛ inch, such that #8 = inch = 1 inch diameter. This convention applies to #8 and smaller bars only.
{| class="wikitable"!ImperialBar Size!"Soft"Metric Size!Weight()!Weight(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(in)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Nominal Area(in²)!Nominal Area(mm²)|-| #3| #10| 0.376| 0.561| 0.375| 9.525| 0.11| 71|-| #4| #13| 0.668| 0.996| 0.500| 12.7| 0.20| 129|-| #5| #16| 1.043| 1.556| 0.625| 15.875| 0.31| 200|-| #6| #19| 1.502| 2.24| 0.750| 19.05| 0.44| 284|-| #7| #22| 2.044| 3.049| 0.875| 22.225| 0.60| 387|-| #8| #25| 2.670| 3.982| 1.000| 25.4| 0.79| 509|-| #9| #29| 3.400| 5.071| 1.128| 28.65| 1.00| 645|-| #10| #32| 4.303| 6.418| 1.270| 32.26| 1.27| 819|-| #11| #36| 5.313| 7.924| 1.410| 35.81| 1.56| 1006|-| #14| #43| 7.650| 11.41| 1.693| 43| 2.25| 1452|-| #18| #57| 13.60| 20.284| 2.257| 57.33| 4.00| 2581|-|}
Canadian Metric sizes
Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm.
{| class="wikitable"!MetricBar Size!Mass(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Cross-SectionalArea (mm²)|-| #10 M| 0.785| 11.3| 100|-| #15 M| 1.570| 16.0| 200|-| #20 M| 2.355| 19.5| 300|-| #25 M| 3.925| 25.2| 500|-| #30 M| 5.495| 29.9| 700|-| #35 M| 7.850| 35.7| 1000|-| #45 M| 11.775| 43.7| 1500|-| #55 M| 19.625| 56.4| 2500|-|}
07:32, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
User:Ponnercivil===European Metric sizes===Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Bars in Europe will be specified to comply with the standard EN 10080 (awaiting introduction as of early 2007), although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom).
{| class="wikitable"!MetricBar Size!Mass(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Cross-SectionalArea (mm²)|-| 6,0| 0.222| 6| 28.3|-| 8,0| 0.395| 8| 50.3|-| 10,0| 0.617| 10| 78.5|-| 12,0| 0.888| 12| 113|-| 14,0| 1.21| 14| 154|-| 16,0| 1.58| 16| 201|-| 20,0| 2.47| 20| 314|-| 25,0| 3.85| 25| 491|-| 28,0| 4.83| 28| 616|-| 32,0| 6.31| 32| 804|-| 40,0| 9.86| 40| 1257|-| 50,0| 15.4| 50| 1963|-|}
Grades
Historically in Europe, rebar comprised mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 N/mm². Modern rebar comprises high-yield steel, with a yield strength more typically 500 N/mm². Rebar can be supplied with various grades of
ductility, with the more ductile steel capable of absorbing considerably greater energy when deformed - this can be of use in design against earthquakes for example.
Rebar designation
For clarity, reinforcement is usually tabulated in a Reinforcement Schedule on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the various notations used in different parts of the world. The following list provides examples of the different notations used in the architecutral, engineering, and construction industry.
United States
{| class="wikitable"!width="150"|Designation!Explanation|-| #4 @ 12 OC, T&B, EW| Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on centre (
centre-to-centre distance) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well, i.e. longitudinal and transverse.|-| 3 - #4| Three number 4 rebars (usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail)|-| #3 ties @ 9 OC, 2 per set| Number 3 rebars used as stirrups, spaced at 9 inches on centre. Each set consists of two ties, which is usually illustrated.|-|}
See also
References
External links
- Stainless rebar information
- OSHA Rebar Impalement Protection Measures
to lend it strength.
Rebar, a portmanteau for
reinforcing bar or
reinforcement bar, is common steel bar, an important component of reinforced concrete and reinforced
masonry structures. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridges for better frictional adhesion to the concrete. It can also be described as
reinforcement or
reinforcing steel. In
Australia it is
colloquialism known as
reo.
Use in concrete and masonry
Concrete is a
material that is very strong in
Physical compression, but virtually without strength in
tension (mechanics). To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile
loads.
Masonry structures and the
mortar (masonry) holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and
bricks are made with strategically placed voids to accommodate rebar, which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
While any material with sufficient tensile strength could conceivably be used to reinforce concrete, steel and concrete have similar
coefficient of thermal expansion: a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress (physics) as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.
Physical characteristics
Steel has an expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this weren't so, it would be useless for reinforcing concrete. GFRP Bar Transverse Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Effects on Concrete Cover Although rebar has ridges that bind it mechanics to the concrete with friction, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high
stress (physics), an occurrence that often precedes a larger-scale
collapse of the
structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members, or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking the bar into place while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.
Common rebar is made of unfinished steel, making it susceptible to
rusting. As rust takes up greater volume than the iron or steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking,
spalling, and ultimately,
structural failure. This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges built in areas where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications.
Epoxy-coated rebar or
stainless steel rebar may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over the service life of the project. Fiber-reinforced polymer rebar is now also being used in high-corrosion environments.Image:trebar.jpg|A tied rebar beam cage.Image:Rebar and shingles.jpg|Rebars in detail (top) atop angle iron (bottom).Image:RebarCloseup.jpg|Rebar placement for foundation and walls of a sewage pump station.Image:Common_rebar.jpg|Two coils of common rebar.Image:Tie-wire.jpg|Simple tie with wire joining rebar.Image:Metal-chairs.jpg|Metal plastic tipped bar chairs suporting rebar to give correct cover on a suspended slab with reinforced concrete masonry walls.Image:Plastic-bar-support.jpg| Plastic strip bar chairs supporting heavy rebar on suspended slab.Image:Top-bar-supports.jpg|Bottom layer of rebar in place on a suspended slab. The N12 saddle bars at an angle to the main bars are to support the top layer of rebar not yet in place.
Welding
Most grades of steel used in rebar are suitable for
welding, which can be used to bind several pieces of rebar together. However, welding can reduce the fatigue (material) life of the rebar, and as a result rebar cages are normally tied together with wire.
Safety
To prevent workers and / or pedestrians from accidentally impaling themselves, the protruding ends of steel rebar are often bent over or covered with special steel-reinforced plastic "plate" caps. "Mushroom" caps may provide protection from scratches and other minor injuries, but provide little to no protection from impalement.
Rebar sizes and grades
US Imperial sizes
Imperial bar designations represent the bar diameter in fractions of ⅛ inch, such that #8 = inch = 1 inch diameter. This convention applies to #8 and smaller bars only.
{| class="wikitable"!ImperialBar Size!"Soft"Metric Size!Weight()!Weight(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(in)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Nominal Area(in²)!Nominal Area(mm²)|-| #3| #10| 0.376| 0.561| 0.375| 9.525| 0.11| 71|-| #4| #13| 0.668| 0.996| 0.500| 12.7| 0.20| 129|-| #5| #16| 1.043| 1.556| 0.625| 15.875| 0.31| 200|-| #6| #19| 1.502| 2.24| 0.750| 19.05| 0.44| 284|-| #7| #22| 2.044| 3.049| 0.875| 22.225| 0.60| 387|-| #8| #25| 2.670| 3.982| 1.000| 25.4| 0.79| 509|-| #9| #29| 3.400| 5.071| 1.128| 28.65| 1.00| 645|-| #10| #32| 4.303| 6.418| 1.270| 32.26| 1.27| 819|-| #11| #36| 5.313| 7.924| 1.410| 35.81| 1.56| 1006|-| #14| #43| 7.650| 11.41| 1.693| 43| 2.25| 1452|-| #18| #57| 13.60| 20.284| 2.257| 57.33| 4.00| 2581|-|}
Canadian Metric sizes
Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm.
{| class="wikitable"!MetricBar Size!Mass(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Cross-SectionalArea (mm²)|-| #10 M| 0.785| 11.3| 100|-| #15 M| 1.570| 16.0| 200|-| #20 M| 2.355| 19.5| 300|-| #25 M| 3.925| 25.2| 500|-| #30 M| 5.495| 29.9| 700|-| #35 M| 7.850| 35.7| 1000|-| #45 M| 11.775| 43.7| 1500|-| #55 M| 19.625| 56.4| 2500|-|}
07:32, 16 October 2007 (UTC)User:Ponnercivil===European Metric sizes===Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Bars in Europe will be specified to comply with the standard EN 10080 (awaiting introduction as of early 2007), although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom).
{| class="wikitable"!MetricBar Size!Mass(kg/m)!Nominal Diameter(mm)!Cross-SectionalArea (mm²)|-| 6,0| 0.222| 6| 28.3|-| 8,0| 0.395| 8| 50.3|-| 10,0| 0.617| 10| 78.5|-| 12,0| 0.888| 12| 113|-| 14,0| 1.21| 14| 154|-| 16,0| 1.58| 16| 201|-| 20,0| 2.47| 20| 314|-| 25,0| 3.85| 25| 491|-| 28,0| 4.83| 28| 616|-| 32,0| 6.31| 32| 804|-| 40,0| 9.86| 40| 1257|-| 50,0| 15.4| 50| 1963|-|}
Grades
Historically in Europe, rebar comprised mild steel material with a yield strength of approximately 250 N/mm². Modern rebar comprises high-yield steel, with a yield strength more typically 500 N/mm². Rebar can be supplied with various grades of
ductility, with the more ductile steel capable of absorbing considerably greater energy when deformed - this can be of use in design against
earthquakes for example.
Rebar designation
For clarity, reinforcement is usually tabulated in a Reinforcement Schedule on construction drawings. This eliminates ambiguity in the various notations used in different parts of the world. The following list provides examples of the different notations used in the architecutral, engineering, and construction industry.
United States
{| class="wikitable"!width="150"|Designation!Explanation|-| #4 @ 12 OC, T&B, EW| Number 4 rebars spaced 12 inches on centre (
centre-to-centre distance) on both the top and bottom faces and in each way as well, i.e. longitudinal and transverse.|-| 3 - #4| Three number 4 rebars (usually used when the rebar perpendicular to the detail)|-| #3 ties @ 9 OC, 2 per set| Number 3 rebars used as stirrups, spaced at 9 inches on centre. Each set consists of two ties, which is usually illustrated.|-|}
See also
References
External links
- Stainless rebar information
- OSHA Rebar Impalement Protection Measures
Rebar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rebar, a portmanteau for reinforcing bar or reinforcement bar, is common steel bar, and is commonly used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures.
K B Rebar Ltd - Company Information
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